Photo: Ethan Rayner, California State Parks

Senecio elegans Risk Assessment

Synonyms: Senecio elegans var. elegans

Common names: redpurple ragwort, purple ragwort, wild cineraria

Senecio elegans -- California

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Evaluation Summary
Senecio elegans is a showy annual in the Asteraceae has been recorded across seven coastal counties in California. It appears to be restricted mostly to coastal dune habitat where it has been reported to be displacing native vegetation. Native only to the Cape Region in South Africa, it is now well established along the southeastern and southwestern coast of Australia (including Tasmania), New Zealand, and the Azores and is listed as an environmental weed in Australia. Senecio elegans has naturalized and spread in dune habitat along the coast of California since it was first recorded from San Francisco Co. in the mid 1920's. It appears to be a prolific seeder and establishes easily in disturbed habitat such as sand dunes.
General Evaluation Information
Date of Evaluation: 
October 13, 2021
Evaluation Time (hrs): 
Not Recorded
Evaluation Status: 
Completed
Plant Information
Plant Material: 
If the plant is a cultivar, and if the cultivar's behavior differs from its parent's (behavior), explain how: 
It is not a cultivar but is used in horticulture as a garden ornamental.
Regional Information
Region Name: 
Climate Matching Map
These maps were built using a toolkit created in collaboration between GreenInfo Network, PlantRight, Cal-IPC, and Agricultural Sustainability Institute at UC Davis.
Climate Matching Maps PDF: 
AttachmentSize
PDF icon California Climate Matching_Results.pdf503.38 KB
Invasive History and Climate Matching
1. Has the species (or cultivar or variety, if applicable; applies to subsequent "species" questions) become naturalized where it is not native?
Yes or No: 
Yes
Points: 
1
Confidence Level: 
Very High
Answer / Justification: 
Senecio elegans is native to South Africa and naturalized in numerous regions beyond its native range. It has naturalized in California, Australia, New Zealand, and the Azores.
Reference(s): 
2. Is the species (or cultivar or variety) noted as being naturalized in the US or world in a similar climate?
Yes or No: 
Yes
Points: 
2
Confidence Level: 
Very High
Answer / Justification: 
Yes. Senecio elegans has naturalized in southeastern Australia, in New Zealand in areas where climate matches that of California. It is also naturalized in California. It is also naturalized in Spain and Portugal.
Reference(s): 
3. Is the species (or cultivar or variety) noted as being invasive in the U.S. or world?
Yes or No: 
Yes
Points: 
2
Confidence Level: 
Medium
Answer / Justification: 
Environmental Weeds of Australia (Lucid Central 2016) lists Senecio elegans as an environmental weed in Victoria, South Australia, Tasmania and Western Australia, where it is "spreading rapidly and displacing native vegetation" in coastal environments, especially sand dunes. However the Global Compendium of Weeds does not list it as invasive in any region. It appears to be restricted to coastal dune habitats.
Reference(s): 
4. Is the species (or cultivar or variety) noted as being invasive in the US or world in a similar climate?
Yes or No: 
Yes
Points: 
3
Confidence Level: 
Medium
Answer / Justification: 
Yes. Senecio elegans is considered an environmental weed along the southern coast of Australia where it invades similar habitats as it occurs in in California.
Reference(s): 
5. Are other species of the same genus (or closely related genera) invasive in a similar climate?
Yes or No: 
Yes
Points: 
1
Confidence Level: 
Very High
Answer / Justification: 
There are numerous other species in the genus Senecio that are considered invasive in California and similar climates to is. These include: Senecio jacobaea (tansy ragwort; Cal-IPC Limited, CDFA "noxious weed" rating), Senecio linearifolius (cutleaf burnweed; Cal-IPC Watch species, CDFA "noxious weed" rating).
6. Is the species (or cultivar or variety) found predominately in a climate matching the region of concern?
Yes or No: 
Yes
Points: 
2
Confidence Level: 
Medium
Answer / Justification: 
In its native range, Senecio elegans is found almost entirely in a climate that matches that of California. GBIF records show slightly more than 50% of location records matching California climate. iNaturalist records - when filtered for "research grade" observations match California climate records even more closely, with many of the outlier occurrences found in GBIF missing. in Australia, populations are restricted to the southwestern southeastern coast (matching CA climated); in New Zealand, populations overlap areas matching California climate; in California, Senecio elegans mostly occurs along the Central Coast.
Reference(s): 
Impact on Native Plants and Animals
7. Does this plant displace native plants and dominate (overtop or smother) the plant community in areas where it has established?
Yes or No: 
Yes
Points: 
1
Confidence Level: 
Medium
Answer / Justification: 
Environmental Plants of Australia (Lucid Central 2016) lists Senecio elegans as a species that displaces native in coastal dune habitat. Similarly, it has been observed spreading and displacing natives in central and northern California coastal dune habitat (e.g., Half Moon Bay; Ethan Rayner, California State Parks personal communication, 2021). It has not been recorded as "overtopping" other species.
Reference(s): 
8. Is the plant noted as promoting fire and/or changing fire regimes?
Yes or No: 
No
Points: 
0
Confidence Level: 
Medium
Answer / Justification: 
This species is an annual with fleshy, glandular leaves, which would indicate that it cannot carry fire well.
Reference(s): 
9. Is the plant a health risk to humans or animals/fish? Has the species been noted as impacting grazing systems?
Yes or No: 
Yes
Points: 
1
Confidence Level: 
Medium
Answer / Justification: 
I could find no record of this species' toxicity in a field setting. The genus is, however, known to be toxic; other species that have been analyzed (e.g., Senecio jacobea, S. vulgaris and others) contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids that can cause severe, irreversible liver disease when ingested (Colorado State University, 2021). It has also not been reported to be currently impacting grazing systems, likely because of its restricted distribution to date.
Reference(s): 
10. Does the plant produce impenetrable thickets, blocking or slowing movement of animals, livestock, or humans?
Yes or No: 
No
Points: 
0
Confidence Level: 
Medium
Answer / Justification: 
Based on this plants stature (<5 dm), annual habit, and lack of thorns or barbs (Trock 2012), it is unlikely to create impenetrable thickets.
Reference(s): 
Reproductive Strategies
11. Does this species (or cultivar or variety) reproduce and spread vegetatively?
Yes or No: 
No
Points: 
0
Confidence Level: 
Very High
Answer / Justification: 
This species is an annual that reproduces exclusively by seed. It does not reproduce vegetatively.
Reference(s): 
12. If naturally detached fragments from this plant are capable of producing new plants, is this a common method of reproduction for the plant?
Yes or No: 
No
Points: 
0
Confidence Level: 
Very High
Answer / Justification: 
See question 11. This plant is an annual that reproduces exclusively by seed.
Reference(s): 
13. Does the species (or cultivar or variety) commonly produce viable seed?
Yes or No: 
Yes
Points: 
1
Confidence Level: 
High
Answer / Justification: 
Given that this species is an annual that persists in its native range and has successfully established in others, it is fairly certain that is produces viable seed. Northey (1972) also reports how easily this annual plant could be established and persist in a garden setting in its native habitat.
Reference(s): 
14. Does this plant produce copious viable seeds each year (> 1000)?
Yes or No: 
Yes
Points: 
1
Confidence Level: 
Medium
Answer / Justification: 
No published data were available to answer this question specifically for Senecio elegans. However, I was able to count 50 flower heads per head and 80-100 florets per flower head in available photos of the species. This would lead to well over 1000 seeds per plant, even with conservative estimates of seed set. A study of related species of 28 native and non-native Senecio in Australia also estimated per plant seed set of <1000 for only five species. Therefore it is highly likely that this species produces copious amounts of viable seed.
Reference(s): 
15. Is there significant germination (>25%) of seeds the next growing season, with no requirement of an infrequent environmental condition for seeds to germinate (i.e. fire) or long dormancy period?
Yes or No: 
Yes
Points: 
1
Confidence Level: 
Very High
Answer / Justification: 
Senecio elegans was reported to have 87% germination and emergence under "control" conditions and 19% germination under saline (1% NaCl) conditions. Also see Northey (1972) for incidental observations of garden germination in South Africa.
Reference(s): 
16. Does this plant produce viable seed within the first three years (for an herbaceous species) to five years (for a woody species) after germination?
Yes or No: 
Yes
Points: 
1
Confidence Level: 
Very High
Answer / Justification: 
Given that it is an annual, it does by definition produce viable seed within the first year of growth.
Reference(s): 
17. Does this plant continuously produce seed for >3 months each year or does seed production occur more than once a year?
Yes or No: 
Yes
Points: 
1
Confidence Level: 
Medium
Answer / Justification: 
The Jepson Manual lists a flowering period of March - June (Trock 2012) and the species probably continues to produce flowers and seed adventively until conditions become unfavorable.
Reference(s): 
Dispersal
18. Are the plant’s propagules frequently dispersed long distance (>100 m) by mammals or birds or via domestic animals?
Yes or No: 
No
Points: 
0
Confidence Level: 
Low
Answer / Justification: 
I found no references providing evidence of long-distance dispersal by mammals, birds or domestic animals. It appears that most Senecio species are fairly similar in seed / caryopsis structure (elongate and ribbed, with no long hairs or barbs; Lawrence, 1985). The lack of these structures suggests that they are not dispersed by animals.
Reference(s): 
19. Are the plant’s propagules frequently dispersed long distance (>100 m) by wind or water?
Yes or No: 
Yes
Points: 
1
Confidence Level: 
Medium
Answer / Justification: 
I could not find any documentation on this species' dispersal via wind and water, but it produces achenes that have a pappus of fine bristles, like many other Senecio. These would appear to be easily carried by wind, and there is no evidence that the pappus is deciduous, as it is for some composites with an affinity for highly ruderal habitats (see Schmida 1985). Note that Lawrence (1985), in a study of several other native- and non-native Senecio in Australia noted that the pappus on most Senecio is deciduous and that seeds disperse more by being blown along ground. Similarly, McEvoy and Cox (1987) in a study of seed dispersal of Senecio jacobea, found no dispersal distances greater than 14m. Although both these references suggest no longer distance dispersal by wind, neither specifically studied Senecio elegans. Experimental studies do tend to underestimate dispersal distance. Water may move seed, but saline conditions that occur around coastal dune habitat were found by de Villiers et al. (2001) to lead to poor germination.
Reference(s): 
20. Are the plant’s propagules frequently dispersed via contaminated seed (agriculture or wildflower packets), equipment, vehicles, boats or clothing/shoes?
Yes or No: 
No
Points: 
0
Confidence Level: 
Low
Answer / Justification: 
No documentation of Senecio elegans dispersal via contaminated seed or equipment could be found. Because this species appears as yet to be restricted to coastal dune habitat, there may not be too much opportunity for this kind of dispersal.
Reference(s): 
Evaluation Notes

Website references accessed:

Gbif: https://www.gbif.org/species/7819589, accessed 14 Oct 2021.

Calflora: https://www.calflora.org/app/taxon?crn=7487, accessed 14 Oct 2021

Weeds of Australia: https://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/media/Html/senecio_elegans.htm, accessed 14 Oct 2021

Cal-IPC Inventory: http://https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/inventory/, accessed 14 Oct 2021

iNaturalist: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?captive=false&place_id=any&quality_grade=research&subview=map&taxon_id=79044&verifiable=any, accessed 14 Oct 2021

Colorado State University Guide to Poisonous Plants: https://csuvth.colostate.edu/poisonous_plants/Plants/Details/41, accessed 14 Oct 2021

 

 

Total PRE Score

  • < 13 : Low Potential Risk
  • 13 - 15 : Moderate Potential Risk
  • > 15 : High Potential Risk

PRE Score: 
19
Number of questions answered: 
20
Screener Confidence (%): 
73.0
PRE Content Access and Privacy
Evaluation visibility: 
Public - accessible to all site users

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