Plant Assessment Form

More Undaria pinnatifida resources

Undaria pinnatifida

Common Names: wakame; Japanese kelp; Asian seaweed

Evaluated on: 4/7/05

List committee review date: 08/07/2005

Re-evaluation date:

Evaluator(s)

Gina Skurka
Cal-IPC
510-843-3902
gmskurka@cal-ipc.org

Joseph DiTomaso
University of California-Davis
Dept. Plant Sci., Mail Stop 4, Davis, CA 95616
530-754-8715
jmditomaso@ucdavis.edu

List committee members

Carla Bossard
John Randall
Carri Pirosko
Dan Gluesenkamp
Gina Skurka
Brianna Richardson

General Comments

Gina contacted several people but was unable to obtain good information on current rate of spread of California populations.

Table 2. Criteria, Section, and Overall Scores

Overall Score? Limited

Alert Status? No Alert

Documentation? 3.5 out of 5

Score

Documentation

1.1

?Impact on abiotic ecosystem processes

D. Negligible

Reviewed Scientific Publication

Impact?
Four-part score DCDU Total Score
C

1.2

?Impact on plant community

C. Minor

Reviewed Scientific Publication

1.3

?Impact on higher trophic levels

D. Negligible

Reviewed Scientific Publication

1.4

?Impact on genetic integrity

U. Unknown

2.1

?Role of anthropogenic and natural disturbance in establishment

B. Moderate

Reviewed Scientific Publication

Invasiveness?
Total Points
15 Total Score B

2.2

?Local rate of spread with no management

B. Increases less rapidly

Other Published Material

2.3

?Recent trend in total area infested within state

B. Increasing less rapidly

Other Published Material

2.4

?Innate reproductive potential
(see Worksheet A)

B. Moderate

Reviewed Scientific Publication

2.5

?Potential for human-caused dispersal

A. High

Reviewed Scientific Publication

2.6

? Potential for natural long-distance dispersal

A. Frequent

Anecdotal

2.7

?Other regions invaded

C. Already invaded

Reviewed Scientific Publication

3.1

?Ecological amplitude/Range
(see Worksheet C)

B. Moderate

Reviewed Scientific Publication

Distribution?
Total Score C

3.2

?Distribution/Peak frequency
(see Worksheet C)

D. Very low

Reviewed Scientific Publication

Table 3. Documentation

Scores are explained in the "Criteria for Categorizing Invasive Non-Native Plants that Threaten Wildlands".

Section 1: Impact
Question 1.1 Impact on abiotic ecosystem processes? Consider the impact on the natural range and variation of abiotic ecosystem processes and system-wide parameters in ways that significantly diminish the ability of native species to survive and reproduce. Alterations that determine the types of communities that can exist in a given area are of greatest concern. Examples of abiotic processes include: - fire occurrence, frequency, and intensity; - geomorphological changes such as erosion and sedimentation rates; - hydrological regimes, including soil water table; - nutrient and mineral dynamics, including salinity, alkalinity, and pH; - light availability (e.g. when an aquatic invader covers an entire water body that would otherwise be open). Select the one letter below that best describes this species' most severe impact on an abiotic ecosystem process: A. Severe, possibly irreversible, alteration or disruption of an ecosystem process. B. Moderate alteration of an ecosystem process. C. Minor alteration of an ecosystem process. D. Negligible perceived impact on an ecosystem process. U. Unknown.	D Reviewed Scientific Publication
Identify ecosystem processes impacted: Our three year study of low shore assemblages in a sheltered New Zealand harbour has provided no evidence of significant ecological impacts from invasion of Undaria Sources of information: Forrest, B.M. and M.D. Taylor. 2002. Assessing invasion impact: survey design considerations and implications for management of an invasive marine plant. Biological Invasions. 4: 375-386.
Question 1.2 Impact on plant community composition, structure, and interactions? Consider the cumulative ecological impact of this species to the plant communities it invades. Give more weight to changes in plant composition, structure, and interactions that involve rare or keystone species or rare community types. Examples of severe impacts include: - formation of stands dominated (>75% cover) by the species; - occlusion (>75% cover) of a native canopy, including a water surface, that eliminates or degrades layers below; - significant reduction or extirpation of populations of one or more native species. Examples of impacts usually less than severe include: - reduction in propagule dispersal, seedling recruitment, or survivorship of native species; - creation of a new structural layer, including substantial thatch or litter, without elimination or replacement of a pre-existing layer; - change in density or depth of a structural layer; - change in horizontal distribution patterns or fragmentation of a native community; - creation of a vector or intermediate host of pests or pathogens that infect native plant species. Select the one letter below that best describes this species' impact on community composition, structure and interactions: A. Severe alteration of plant community composition, structure, or interactions. B. Moderate alteration of plant community composition. C. Minor alteration of community composition. D. Negligible impact known; causes no perceivable change in community composition, structure, or interactions. U. Unknown.	C Reviewed Scientific Publication
Identify type of impact or alteration: An annual that apparently cannot compete well with large perennial brown algae, and is inhibited from establishing dense populations amongst natural kelp beds. A significant decrease in the surface covered by other species has been observed both in shallow and deeper areas during the period of max development of Undaria. In addition, a recent study provided evidence that indigenous species did not decrease in spring where Undaria was absent. Studies show no evidence of displacement of native algae, but showed that, in Tasmania, Undaria sporophytes established at high densities in plots from which the canopy of native algae was removed. The weight of evidence overall suggested little impact from Undaria on low shore assemblages, with control-impact contrasts that could plausibly be interpreted as impacts probably reflecting natural causes. There was no evidence for displacement of the native canopy by Undaria, with planned contrasts of percent cover between the controls and each of the infested sites largely suggesting a "no impact" result. The increased canopy cover resulting from Undaria's infestation could enhance sub-canopy low shore algal populations by providing greater shelter from dessication at low tide, as has been discussed in other studies. Sources of information: Edgar, G.J., N.S. Barrett, A.J. Morton, and C.R. Samson. 2004. Effects of algal canopy clearance on plant, fish and macroinvertebrate communities on eastern Tasmanian reefs. J Exp Mar Bio and Eco. 312: 67 - 87. Curiel, D. P. Guidetti, B. Bellemo, M. Scattolin, and M Marzocchi. The introduced alga Undaria pinnatifida in the lagoon of Venice. Hydrobiologia. 477 1 June, 2002. 209-219. Valentine, J.P. and C.R. Johnson. 2004. Establishment of the introduced kelp Undaria pinnatifida following dieback of the native macroalga Phyllospora comosa in Tasmania, Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research, 2004, 55, 223-230. Forrest, B.M. and M.D. Taylor. 2002. Assessing invasion impact: survey design considerations and implications for management of an invasive marine plant. Biological Invasions. 4: 375-386.
Question 1.3 Impact on higher trophic levels? Consider the cumulative impact of this species on the animals, fungi, microbes, and other organisms in the communities that it invades. Although a non-native species may provide resources for one or a few native species (e.g. by providing food, nesting sites, etc.), the ranking should be based on the species' net impact on all native species. Give more weight to changes in composition and interactions involving rare or keystone species or rare community types. Examples of severe impacts include: - extirpation or endangerment of an existing native species or population; - elimination or significant reduction in native species' nesting or foraging sites, cover, or other critical resources (i.e., native species habitat), including migratory corridors. Examples of impacts that are usually less than severe include: - minor reduction in nesting or foraging sites, cover, etc. for native animals; - minor reduction in habitat connectivity or migratory corridors; - interference with native pollinators; - injurious components, such as awns or spines that damage the mouth and gut of native wildlife species, or production of anti-digestive or acutely toxic chemical that can poison native wildlife species. Select the one letter below that best describes this species' impact on community composition and interactions: A. Severe alteration of higher trophic populations, communities, or interactions. B. Moderate alteration of higher trophic level populations, communities, or interactions. C. Minor alteration of higher trophic level populations, communities or interactions. D. Negligible impact; causes no perceivable change in higher trophic level populations, communities, or interactions. E. Unknown.	D Reviewed Scientific Publication
Identify type of impact or alteration: Our three year study of low shore assemblages in a sheltered New Zealand harbour has provided no evidence of significant ecological impacts from invasion of Undaria. Both Undaria's population dynamics and its effects upon native communities have been found to vary greatly among invaded areas. Sources of information: Forrest, B.M. and M.D. Taylor. 2002. Assessing invasion impact: survey design considerations and implications for management of an invasive marine plant. Biological Invasions. 4: 375-386.
Question 1.4 Impact on genetic integrity? Consider whether the species can hybridize with and influence the proportion of individuals with non-native genes within populations of native species. Mechanisms and possible outcomes include: - production of fertile or sterile hybrids that can outcompete the native species; - production of sterile hybrids that lower the reproductive output of the native species. Select the one letter below that best describes this species' impact on genetic integrity: A. Severe (high proportion of individuals). B. Moderate (medium proportion of individuals). C. Minor (low proportion of individuals). D. No known hybridization. U. Unknown.	U
Sources of information:
Section 2: Invasiveness
Question 2.1 Role of anthropogenic and natural disturbance in establishment? Assess this species' dependence on disturbance: both human and natural: for establishment in wildlands. Examples of anthropogenic disturbances include: - grazing, browsing, and rooting by domestic livestock and feral animals; - altered fire regimes, including fire suppression; - cultivation; - silvicultural practices; - altered hydrology due to dams, diversions, irrigation, etc.; - roads and trails; - construction; - nutrient loading from fertilizers, runoff, etc. Examples of natural disturbance include: - wildfire; - floods; - landslides; - windthrow; - native animal activities such as burrowing, grazing, or browsing. Select the first letter in the sequence below that describes the ability of this species to invade wildlands: A. Severe invasive potential: this species can establish independent of any known natural or anthropogenic disturbance. B. Moderate invasive potential: this species may occasionally establish in undisturbed areas but can readily establish in areas with natural disturbances. C. Low invasive potential: this species requires anthropogenic disturbance to establish. D. No perceptible invasive potential: this species does not establish in wildlands (though it may persist from former cultivation). U. Unknown.	B Other Published Material
Describe role of disturbance: An annual that apparently cannot compete well with large perennial brown algae, and is inhibited from establishing dense populations amongst natural kelp beds. Undaria exhibited the only pronounced response to canopy removal amongst algal taxa, with a fivefold increase in cleared blocks compared to control blocks. Marine reserves are suggested to assist reef communities resist invasion by Undaria trough an indirect mechanism involving increased predation pressure on sea urchins and reduced formation of urchin barrens that are amenable to Undaria propagation. Disturbance events important for successful establishment of Undaria at high densities. In the absence of distrubance to the canopy, stands of native algae resisted development of Undaria sporophytes. Undaria occurs at high densites only in disturbed habitats, particularly on sea urchin barrens and also on areas of sand-scour at the edge of rocky reffs and on unstable substrata, but it occurs rarely in established native algal commmunities. The results from the present study highlight the opportunistic nature of Undaria. If intense disturbance occurs at an appropriate frequency it can be expected that Undaria will maintain large and persistent populations. Sources of information: Edgar, G.J., N.S. Barrett, A.J. Morton, and C.R. Samson. 2004. Effects of algal canopy clearance on plant, fish and macroinvertebrate communities on eastern Tasmanian reefs. J Exp Mar Bio and Eco. 312: 67 - 87. Valentine, J.P. and C.R. Johnson. 2004. Establishment of the introduced kelp Undaria pinnatifida following dieback of the native macroalga Phyllospora comosa in Tasmania, Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research, 2004, 55, 223-230.
Question 2.2 Local rate of spread with no management? Assess this species' rate of spread in existing localized infestations where the proportion of available habitat invaded is still small when no management measures are implemented. Select the one letter below that best describes the rate of spread: A. Increases rapidly (doubling in <10 years) B. Increases, but less rapidly C. Stable D. Declining U. Unknown	B Other Published Material
Describe rate of spread: Eradication project underway in Monterey Bay. Santa Barbara populations had large recruitment pulse in 2002 in conjunction with a drop in ocean temperature, but recruitment was low in 2001. Sources of information: Von Bubnoff, A. 2005. Seaweed eradication effort working. Monterey Herald. March 14, 2005. Accessed: www.montereyherald.com
Question 2.3 Recent trend in total area infested within state? Assess the overall trend in the total area infested by this species statewide. Include current management efforts in this assessment and note them. Select the one letter below that best describes the current trend: A. Increasing rapidly (doubling in total range statewide in <10 years) B. Increasing, but less rapidly C. Stable D. Declining U. Unknown	B Other Published Material
Describe trend: In CA, Undaria has been reported from at least 6 sites along the coast including Monterey harbor, Santa Barbara harbor, Channel Island harbor (Ventura), Oxnard harbor, Cabrillo Beach (San Pedro), and two coves at Catalina Island. Sources of information: 2002 Red Alert! New Introductions and Recent Expansions in California. Mandy Tu and John M. Randall. The Nature Conservancy's Wildland Invasive Species Team. John Knapp, Catalina Island Conservatory, Personal communication, April 2005
Question 2.4 Innate reproductive potential? Assess the innate reproductive potential of this species. Worksheet A is provided for computing the score.	B Reviewed Scientific Publication
Describe key reproductive characteristics: An annual. From July to September 2001, there was limited recruitment of new Undaria sporophytes. Experimental manipulations provided evidence of fast re-colonization potential of algae mainly attributable to its efficient reproductive system. After the laterally biflagellate, haploid spores are released, typically swim for up to 5-6 h before settling on a firm substrate, where they develop directly into microscopic, filamentous male and female gametophytes. male gametes fertilize eggs, which then develop in situ into embryonic sporophytes. A single frond releases an astronomical number of zoospores, which appear to settle randomly. Probably all fertilized eggs develop into embryonic sporophytes. If the latter manage to survive grazers, their very rapid growth ensures continued survival unless the spores settle intertidally. Sources of information: Thornber, C., B. Kinlan, M. Graham, and J. Stachowicz. 2002. Invasive ecology of the Japanese alga Undaria pinnatifida in California (abstract only). Cal-EPPC Symposium 2002, Vol 6, 2000-2002. 2002 Red Alert! New Introductions and Recent Expansions in California. Mandy Tu and John M. Randall. The Nature Conservancy's Wildland Invasive Species Team. Edgar, G.J., N.S. Barrett, A.J. Morton, and C.R. Samson. 2004. Effects of algal canopy clearance on plant, fish and macroinvertebrate communities on eastern Tasmanian reefs. J Exp Mar Bio and Eco. 312: 67 - 87. Curiel, D. P. Guidetti, B. Bellemo, M. Scattolin, and M Marzocchi. The introduced alga Undaria pinnatifida in the lagoon of Venice. Hydrobiologia. 477 1 June, 2002. 209-219. Silva, P.C., R.A. Woodfield, A.N. Cohen, and L.H. Harris, and J.H.R. Goddard. First report of the Asian kelp ndaria pinnatifida in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. Biological Invasions 4: 333-338, 2002.
Question 2.5 Potential for human-caused dispersal? Assess whether this species is currently spread: or has high potential to be spread: by direct or indirect human activity. Such activity may enable the species to overcome natural barriers to dispersal that would not be crossed otherwise, or it may simply increase the natural dispersal of the species. Possible mechanisms for dispersal include: - commercial sales for use in agriculture, ornamental horticulture, or aquariums; - use as forage, erosion control, or revegetation; - presence as a contaminant (seeds or propagules) in bulk seed, hay, feed, soil, packing materials, etc.; - spread along transportation corridors such as highways, railroads, trails, or canals; - transport on boats or boat trailers. Select the one letter below that best describes human-caused dispersal and spread: A. High: there are numerous opportunities for dispersal to new areas. B. Moderate: human dispersal occurs, but not at a high level. C. Low: human dispersal is infrequent or inefficient. D. Does not occur. U. Unknown.	A Reviewed Scientific Publication
Identify dispersal mechanisms: The initial European introduction of Undaria to Venice has been attributed to the spat importation of the Japanese oyster Crassostrea gigas. Maritime traffic and oysters' cultivation and transport have subsequently favoured its diffusion in the following years. Undaria has been introduced through a combination of intentional transport for cultivation, accidental transport with oysters, as fouling on vessel hulls, and possibly other means. Establishment of large populations of Undaria in CA would almost certainly lead to harvesting by Asian immigrants, either for personal or commercial use. Sources of information: Curiel, D. P. Guidetti, B. Bellemo, M. Scattolin, and M Marzocchi. The introduced alga Undaria pinnatifida in the lagoon of Venice. Hydrobiologia. 477 1 June, 2002. 209-219. Silva, P.C., R.A. Woodfield, A.N. Cohen, and L.H. Harris, and J.H.R. Goddard. First report of the Asian kelp ndaria pinnatifida in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. Biological Invasions 4: 333-338, 2002.
Question 2.6 Potential for natural long-distance dispersal? We have chosen 1 km as the threshold of "long-distance." Assess whether this species is frequently spread, or has high potential to be spread, by animals or abiotic mechanisms that can move seed, roots, stems, or other propagules this far. The following are examples of such natural long-distance dispersal mechanisms: - the species' fruit or seed is commonly consumed by birds or other animals that travel long distances; - the species' fruits or seeds are sticky or burred and cling to feathers or hair of animals; - the species has buoyant fruits, seeds, or other propagules that are dispersed by flowing water; - the species has light propagules that promote long-distance wind dispersal; - The species, or parts of it, can detach and disperse seeds as they are blown long distances (e.g., tumbleweed). Select the one letter below that best describes natural long-distance dispersal and spread: A. Frequent long-distance dispersal by animals or abiotic mechanisms. B. Occasional long-distance dispersal by animals or abiotic mechanisms. C. Rare dispersal more than 1 km by animals or abiotic mechanisms. D. No dispersal of more than 1 km by animals or abiotic mechanisms. U. Unknown.	A Anecdotal
Identify dispersal mechanisms: Spores can be moved in the ocean currents for long distances. Sources of information:
Question 2.7 Other regions invaded? Assess whether this species has invaded ecological types in other states or countries outside its native range that are analogous to ecological types not yet invaded in your state (see Worksheets B, C, and D for California, Arizona, and Nevada, respectively, in Part IV for lists of ecological types). This information is useful in predicting the likelihood of further spread within your state. Select the one letter below that best describes the species' invasiveness in other states or countries, outside its native range. A. This species has invaded 3 or more ecological types elsewhere that exist in your state and are as yet not invaded by this species (e.g. it has invaded Mediterranean grasslands, savanna, and maquis in southern Europe, which are analogous to California grasslands, savanna, and chaparral, respectively). B. Invades 1 or 2 ecological types that exist but are not yet invaded in your state. C. Invades elsewhere but only in ecological types that it has already invaded in the state. D. Not known as an escape anywhere else. U. Unknown.	C Reviewed Scientific Publication
Identify other regions: Recently established at several locations in CA coastal waters. Native to Japan, but in recent decades it has spread to coastal areas worldwide. It is already documented as invasive off the coasts of Australia, New Zealand, South America, and Europe, where it has invaded harbors and artificial substrates. It has also been found near Ensenada, Baja California Norte, Mexico. Since its appearance in 1992 in the lagoon of Venice, Undaria has gradually expanded along the banks of canals both at Chioggia and Venice, becoming the dominant species in the local algal commmunity from February to July. Sources of information: Cal-EPPC Symposium 2002, Vo. 6. 2000-2002. 2002 Red Alert! New Introductions and Recent Expansions in California. Mandy Tu and John M. Randall. The Nature Conservancy's Wildland Invasive Species Team. Curiel, D. P. Guidetti, B. Bellemo, M. Scattolin, and M Marzocchi. The introduced alga Undaria pinnatifida in the lagoon of Venice. Hydrobiologia. 477 1 June, 2002. 209-219. Silva, P.C., R.A. Woodfield, A.N. Cohen, and L.H. Harris, and J.H.R. Goddard. First report of the Asian kelp ndaria pinnatifida in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. Biological Invasions 4: 333-338, 2002.
Section 3: Distribution
Question 3.1 Ecological amplitude/Range? Refer to Worksheet C and select the one letter below that indicates the number of different ecological types that this species invades. A. Widespread: the species invades at least three major types or at least six minor types. B. Moderate: the species invades two major types or five minor types. C. Limited: the species invades only one major type and two to four minor types. D. Narrow: the species invades only one minor type. U. Unknown.	B Reviewed Scientific Publication
Recently established at several locations in CA coastal waters. Discovered in Santa Barbara County in April 2001. Will grow on any available firm substrate. Prefer sites that are at least somewhat protected, though they can grow in open coast sites. Growth is not prevented by organic pollution. Water temperatures along the Pacific Coast of the United states are favorable for the establishment of Undaria from at least Baja California to British Columbia. Undaria was discovered in southern California spring of 2000, and by the summer of 2001 had been collected at several CA sites from Los Angeles to Long Beach Harbors and Catalina Island as far north as Monterey Harbor. Sheltered and partially sheltered regions including the Southern California Bight, Monterey Bay, the more oceanic parts of San Francisco Bay, Tomales and Humboldt Bays would seem to offer excellent growing conditions. Sources of information: Cal-EPPC Symposium 2002, Vo. 6. 2000-2002. Silva, P.C., R.A. Woodfield, A.N. Cohen, and L.H. Harris, and J.H.R. Goddard. First report of the Asian kelp ndaria pinnatifida in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. Biological Invasions 4: 333-338, 2002.
Question 3.2 Distribution/Peak frequency? To assess distribution, record the letter that corresponds to the highest percent infested score entered in Worksheet C for any ecological type.	D Reviewed Scientific Publication
Describe distribution: New invader, limited distribution so far. Sources of information: Cal-EPPC Symposium 2002, Vo. 6. 2000-2002. Silva, P.C., R.A. Woodfield, A.N. Cohen, and L.H. Harris, and J.H.R. Goddard. First report of the Asian kelp ndaria pinnatifida in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. Biological Invasions 4: 333-338, 2002.

Worksheet A - Innate reproductive potential

Reaches reproductive maturity in 2 years or less	Yes
Dense infestations produce >1,000 viable seed per square meter	Yes
Populations of this species produce seeds every year.	Yes
Seed production sustained over 3 or more months within a population annually	No
Seeds remain viable in soil for three or more years	No
Viable seed produced with both self-pollination and cross-pollination	No
Has quickly spreading vegetative structures (rhizomes, roots, etc.) that may root at nodes	Unknown
Fragments easily and fragments can become established elsewhere	Unknown
Resprouts readily when cut, grazed, or burned	Unknown
Total points:	4
Total unknowns:	3
Total score:	B? Scoring Criteria for Worksheet A A. High reproductive potential (6 or more points). B. Moderate reproductive potential (4-5 points). C. Low reproductive potential (3 points or less and less than 3 Unknowns). U. Unknown (3 or fewer points and 3 or more Unknowns).

Related traits:

Worksheet B - Arizona Ecological Types is not included here

Worksheet C - California Ecological Types

(sensu Holland 1986)

Major Ecological Types	Minor Ecological Types	Code? A means >50% of type occurrences are invaded; B means 20% to 50%; C means 5% to 20%; D means present but <5%; U means unknown (unable to estimate percentage of occurrences invaded)
Marine Systems	marine systems	D, < 5%
Freshwater and Estuarine	lakes, ponds, reservoirs
Aquatic Systems	rivers, streams, canals
Aquatic Systems	estuaries	D, < 5%
Dunes	coastal
	desert
	interior
Scrub and Chaparral	coastal bluff scrub
	coastal scrub
	Sonoran desert scrub
	Mojavean desert scrub (incl. Joshua tree woodland)
	Great Basin scrub
	chenopod scrub
	montane dwarf scrub
	Upper Sonoran subshrub scrub
	chaparral
Grasslands, Vernal Pools, Meadows, and other Herb Communities	coastal prairie
	valley and foothill grassland
	Great Basin grassland
	vernal pool
	meadow and seep
	alkali playa
	pebble plain
Bog and Marsh	bog and fen
Bog and Marsh	marsh and swamp
Riparian and Bottomland habitat	riparian forest
	riparian woodland
	riparian scrub (incl.desert washes)
Woodland	cismontane woodland
	piñon and juniper woodland
	Sonoran thorn woodland
Forest	broadleaved upland forest
	North Coast coniferous forest
	closed cone coniferous forest
	lower montane coniferous forest
	upper montane coniferous forest
	subalpine coniferous forest
Alpine Habitats	alpine boulder and rock field
Alpine Habitats	alpine dwarf scrub
	Amplitude (breadth):	B
	Distribution (highest score):	D

Infested Jepson Regions

Click here for a map of Jepson regions

Central West
Southwest

California Invasive Plant Council

Protecting California’s environment and economy from invasive plants

Plant Assessment Form

More Undaria pinnatifida resources

Undaria pinnatifida

Evaluator(s)

List committee members

General Comments

Table 2. Criteria, Section, and Overall Scores

Table 3. Documentation

Worksheet A - Innate reproductive potential

Related traits:

Worksheet C - California Ecological Types

Infested Jepson Regions